Origens do judicial review: Sir Edward Coke e o Dr. Bonham´´ s case
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4013/rechtd.2023.143.07Resumo
Embora as origens do controle judicial de constitucionalidade sejam normalmente remetidas ao caso Marbury v. Madison, julgado pela Suprema Corte em 1803, esse instituto, em verdade, remonta à Inglaterra do século XVII, mais precisamente ao voto de Sir Edward Coke no julgamento conhecido como Dr. Bonham’s Case. Ferrenho defensor da autonomia do Poder Judiciário frente aos abusos do Rei James I, que buscava consolidar uma monarquia absolutista na Inglaterra, Coke expôs, nesse julgamento, sua doutrina de que o Common Law, entendido como o conjunto dos precedentes estabelecidos pela prática das Cortes do Rei, poderia exercer o controle dos Atos do Parlamento, e de que, portanto, o Poder Judiciário detinha a autoridade para declarar nulos aqueles Atos que fossem contrários ao direito e à razão comuns. Essa doutrina, sendo bastante conhecida dos juristas educados na Inglaterra, viria a ser particularmente influente no período formativo dos Estados Unidos da América, sendo invocada em momentos fundamentais do processo de independência do novo país, bem como reafirmada diversas vezes na prática das cortes estaduais, logo após a independência. Dessa maneira, é possível perceber que a teoria que atribuía aos tribunais a autoridade para julgar a compatibilidade das leis aprovadas pelo Poder Legislativo a uma lei superior já era de conhecimento comum entre os juristas norte-americanos muito antes de Marbury v. Madison e deriva, em última análise, dos julgamentos e dos escritos de Sir Edward Coke.
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