The dangerous rise of Land Grabbing through Climate Change Mitigation policies: the examples of Biofuel and REDD+
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4013/rechtd.2020.123.15Resumo
This paper seeks to investigate the interconnections between climate change and land grabbing. It offers a nuanced understanding of the critical intersections of climate change mitigation policies with land grabbing, before and after the Paris Agreement. There are various considerations associated with climate change that drive land grabbing tendencies. This increase of land grabbing has been observed to exacerbate climate change and the recurrence of strategies that produce harmful effects on socio-ecological systems. The term ‘climate grabbing’ is coined to describe the phenomena related to the appropriation of land and resources for the purposes of climate change mitigation. In particular, this paper will focus on two instruments that have been created to manage the complications of climate change and have been reinforced by the Paris Agreement in 2015: biofuel production and the Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Plus initiatives (REDD+). The article will analyse how those measures increase the phenomenon of land grabbing.
Referências
ANDERSON T., STONE K. 2015. Caught in the Net: How “net-zero emissions” will delay real climate action and drive land grabs, June 2015, available in: http://www.actionaid.org/publications/caught-net-how-net-zero-emissions-will-delay-real-climate-action-and-drive-land-grabs
ANDERSON, T. 2017. The Climate, Land, Ambition and Rights Alliance: Climate Action in the Land Sector: Treading carefully, available in: http://www.climatesmartagconcerns.info/english.html
ATELA, J.; QUINN C., MINANG, P. 2014. Are REDD projects pro-poor in their spatial targeting? Evidence from Kenya, in: Applied Geography 52:14–24.
BAILIS, R., BAKA, J. 2011. Constructing Sustainable Biofuels: Governance of the Emerging Biofuel Economy, in: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 101 (4), 827-838.
BORRAS, S., FRANCO, J., GÒMEZ, S., KAY, C. SPOOR, M. 2012. Land Grabbing in Latin America and the Caribbean, in The Journal of Peasant studies, Vol.39, Nos.3-4, July-October 2012, 845-872
BURLEY, H., BEBB, A. 2010. Africa: up for grabs – the scale and impact of land grabbing for agrofuels, for Friends of the Earth Europe, Brussels, Belgium 2010, available in: http://www.foeeurope.org/agrofuels/FoEE_Africa_up_for_grabs_2010.pdf.
CHOMBA, S., KARIUKI, J., FRIIS LUND, J. SINCLAIR, F. 2016. Roots of Inequity: How the Implementation of REDD+ Reinforces Past Injustices, in: Land Use Policy 50: 202–213.
CIDSE, 2016. Our Land Is Worth More Than Carbon, 15 of November 2016, available in: http://www.cidse.org/newsroom/our-land-is-worth-more-than-carbon.html
CLAEYS, P., DELGADO PUGLEY, D. 2017. Peasant and indigenous transnational social movements engaging with climate justice, in: Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue canadienne d'études du développement, 38:3, 325-340. DOI:10.1080/02255189.2016.1235018
COP21 Official Site, availbale at: paris.org
CORBERA, E. 2012. Problematizing REDD+ as an experiment in payments for ecosystem services, in: Climate systems, 4 (6):612–619.
CRUTZEN, P., MOSIER, A., SMITH, K., WINIWARTER, W. 2008. N2O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels, in: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8(2): 389–95.
CURZEL, E. 2013. Land Grabbing: più del neocolonialismo, devastante per l'ambiente, in: Corriere della Sera, 28 febbraio 2013
DA DOS MIGRANTES, 2007. Agroenergy: Myths and Impacts in Latin America, October 2007, available in: http://www.landaction.org/article.php3?id_article=210
DE SCHUTTER, O. 2011. How not to think of land-grabbing: three critiques of large-scale investments in farmland, in The Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol. 38, No. 2, March 2011, 249–279
FAO, 2008. BIOFUELS: prospects, risks and opportunities, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
FAO, 2009. Foreign Direct Investment – Win-Win or Land Grab?, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
FAO, 2008. Hunger on the Rise Due to Soaring Food Prices, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
FRANCO, J., HERRE, R., KHAM, S. S., PARK, C., PRED, D., SOKHENG, H., SPOOR, M., THEIN, S., THU, K., THUON, R., VADDHANAPHUTI, C., WOODS, K., WORK C., 2015. MOSAIC Research Project: Climate change mitigation policies, land grabbing and conflict, in: MOSAIC, Fragile states: understanding intersections, exploring transformations in Myanmar and Cambodia, May 2015, available in: http://www.iss.nl/mosaic
FRIIS, C., REENBERG, A. 2010. Land Grab in Africa. Emerging land system drivers in a teleconnected world, for the Global Land Project. available at http://www.igbp.net/publications/publishedarticlesandbooks/synthesisandoverviewpapers/synthandoverviewpapers/landgrabinafricaemerginglandsystemsdriversinateleconnectedworld.5.19895cff13e9f675e25fbb.html
GHOSE A. K. 1983. Agrarian reform in contemporary developing countries, London: Palgrave MacMillan.
GRAIN, 2016. Against the grain land, The global farmland grab in 2016: how big, how bad?, in grain.org, available in https://www.grain.org/article/entries/5492-the-global-farmland-grab-in-2016-how-big-how-bad
GRAIN, 2008. The 2008 land grab for food and financial security, GRAIN Briefing, October 2008.
HUNSBERGER, C., FRADEJAS A. A. 2016. The Discursive Flexibility of ‘Flex Crops’: Comparing Oil Palm and Jatropha. In: The Journal of Peasant Studies, 43 (1): 225–250.
HUNSBERGER, C., CORBERA, E., BORRAS, S., WOODS, K., SPOOR M. 2017. Climate change mitigation, land grabbing and conflict: towards a landscape-based and collaborative action research agenda, in Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue canadienne d'études du développement, 38:3, 305-324. DOI: 10.1080/02255189.2016.1250617
LA VIA CAMPESINA, 2008. Small farmers feed the world Industrial agrofuels fuel hunger and poverty, A Media release, 24 June 2008, Jakarta.
LA VIA CAMPESINA, 2016. System Change Grounded in Food Sovereignty at the 2015 Climate Talks in Paris, January 27, 2016, available in: http://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/actions-and-eventsmainmenu-26/-climate-change-and-agrofuels-mainmenu-75/1958-system-change-groundedin-food-sovereignty-at-the-2015-climate-talks-in-paris.
LANG, C. 2015. COP21 Paris: REDD and carbon markets, 15 December 2015, available in http://www.redd-monitor.org/2015/12/15/cop21-paris-redd-and-carbon-markets/
LOHMANN, L. 2008. Carbon Trading, Climate Justice and the Production of Ignorance: Ten examples, in: Development 51:359–365.
MCMICHAEL, P. 2010. Agrofuels in the food regime, in: Journal of Peasant Studies 37 (March 2015):609-629.
MELILLO, J., REILLY, J., KICKLIGHTER, D., GURGEL, A. 2009. Indirect Emissions from Biofuels: How Important?, in: Science, 326(5958): 1397-1399.
MENDONÇA, M. L. 2011.Monocropping for agrofuels: The case of Brazil, in: Development 54(1):98-103.
MILMAN, O., HANSEN, J., 2015. Father of climate change awareness, calls Paris talks 'a fraud', in: The Guardian, 12 of December 2015, available in: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/12/james-hansen-climate-change-paris-talks-fraud
MONBIOT, G. 2015. Grand promises of Paris climate deal undermined by squalid retrenchments, 12 of December 2015, available in: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/georgemonbiot/2015/dec/12/paris-climate-deal-governments-fossil-fuels
MUSTALAHTI, I., RAKOTONARIVO, S. 2014. REDD+ and Empowered Deliberative Democracy: Learning from Tanzania, in: World Development 59: 199–211.
OXFAM, 2008. Another inconvenient Truth: how Biofuel Policies are deepening Poverty and accelerating climate change, Oxford.
OXFAM, 2011. Land and power, Oxford.
PARKER, C., MITCHELL, A., TRIVEDI M., MARDAS N., ANDSOSIS K. 2009. The Little REDD+ Book, Global Canopy Programme, Oxford.
PESKETT, L., HUBERMAN, D., BOWEN-JONES, E., EDWARDS, G., BROWN, J., 2008. Making REDD work for the poor. A Poverty Environment Partnership (PEP) Report, for the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London, UK.
POUDYAL, M., RAMAMONJISOA, B. S, HOCKLEY, N., RAKOTONARIVO S., GIBBONS, J., M, MANDIMBINIAINA, R., RASOAMANANA, A., PG JONES, J. 2016. Can REDD+ Social Safeguards Reach the ‘Right’ People? Lessons from Madagascar, in: Global Environmental Change 37: 31–42.
RAMANKUTTY, N., FOLEY, J. A. OLEJNICZAK.,N. J. 2002. People on the land: Changes in global population and croplands during the 20th century, in: A Journal of the Human Environment 2002; 31(3): 251-257.
SEO, K., RODRIGUEZ, N. 2012. Land Grab, Food Security and Climate Change: A Vicious Circle in the Global South, in: CHHETRI N., Human and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. (InTech, 2012).
SUGARCANE, 2011. Carbon Credits from Bioelectricity, in: sugarcane.org, available in: http://sugarcane.org/sugarcanebenefits/greenhouse-gas-reductions/carbon-credits-from-bioelectricity. The Rush for Land and Its Potential Environmental Consequence.
VIOLI, F. 2015. The Practice of Land Grabbing and Its Compatibility with the Exercise of Territorial Sovereignty, in ROMANIN JACUR A., BONFANTI, F., SEATZU, F., Natural Resources Grabbing: An International Law Prospective. Brill: Leiden. p.19
WHITE, B., BORRAS, S., SCOONES, I., WOLFORD, B. 2012. The new enclosures: critical perspectives on corporate land deals, in: The Journal of Peasant Studies, Volume 39, Issue 3-4.
WITTMAN, H., POWELL, L. Jo., CORBERA, E. 2015. Financing the Agrarian Transition? The Clean Development Mechanism and Agricultural Change in Latin America, in: Environment and Planning A 47 (10): 2031–2046.
WORK, C., WOODS, K. 2015. Intersections of Land Grabbing and Climate Change Mitigation Strategies: Land and Resource Conflicts, In: Land grabbing, conflict and agrarian?environmental transformations: perspectives from East and Southeast Asia, In the international academic conference, Chiang Mai University Conference Paper No. 83, June 2015
WORLDWATCH INSTITUTE, (2007). Biofuels for Transport, London: Earthscan.
ANDERSON, T. 2017. The Climate, Land, Ambition and Rights Alliance: Climate Action in the Land Sector: Treading carefully, available in: http://www.climatesmartagconcerns.info/english.html
ATELA, J.; QUINN C., MINANG, P. 2014. Are REDD projects pro-poor in their spatial targeting? Evidence from Kenya, in: Applied Geography 52:14–24.
BAILIS, R., BAKA, J. 2011. Constructing Sustainable Biofuels: Governance of the Emerging Biofuel Economy, in: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 101 (4), 827-838.
BORRAS, S., FRANCO, J., GÒMEZ, S., KAY, C. SPOOR, M. 2012. Land Grabbing in Latin America and the Caribbean, in The Journal of Peasant studies, Vol.39, Nos.3-4, July-October 2012, 845-872
BURLEY, H., BEBB, A. 2010. Africa: up for grabs – the scale and impact of land grabbing for agrofuels, for Friends of the Earth Europe, Brussels, Belgium 2010, available in: http://www.foeeurope.org/agrofuels/FoEE_Africa_up_for_grabs_2010.pdf.
CHOMBA, S., KARIUKI, J., FRIIS LUND, J. SINCLAIR, F. 2016. Roots of Inequity: How the Implementation of REDD+ Reinforces Past Injustices, in: Land Use Policy 50: 202–213.
CIDSE, 2016. Our Land Is Worth More Than Carbon, 15 of November 2016, available in: http://www.cidse.org/newsroom/our-land-is-worth-more-than-carbon.html
CLAEYS, P., DELGADO PUGLEY, D. 2017. Peasant and indigenous transnational social movements engaging with climate justice, in: Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue canadienne d'études du développement, 38:3, 325-340. DOI:10.1080/02255189.2016.1235018
COP21 Official Site, availbale at: paris.org
CORBERA, E. 2012. Problematizing REDD+ as an experiment in payments for ecosystem services, in: Climate systems, 4 (6):612–619.
CRUTZEN, P., MOSIER, A., SMITH, K., WINIWARTER, W. 2008. N2O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels, in: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8(2): 389–95.
CURZEL, E. 2013. Land Grabbing: più del neocolonialismo, devastante per l'ambiente, in: Corriere della Sera, 28 febbraio 2013
DA DOS MIGRANTES, 2007. Agroenergy: Myths and Impacts in Latin America, October 2007, available in: http://www.landaction.org/article.php3?id_article=210
DE SCHUTTER, O. 2011. How not to think of land-grabbing: three critiques of large-scale investments in farmland, in The Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol. 38, No. 2, March 2011, 249–279
FAO, 2008. BIOFUELS: prospects, risks and opportunities, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
FAO, 2009. Foreign Direct Investment – Win-Win or Land Grab?, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
FAO, 2008. Hunger on the Rise Due to Soaring Food Prices, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
FRANCO, J., HERRE, R., KHAM, S. S., PARK, C., PRED, D., SOKHENG, H., SPOOR, M., THEIN, S., THU, K., THUON, R., VADDHANAPHUTI, C., WOODS, K., WORK C., 2015. MOSAIC Research Project: Climate change mitigation policies, land grabbing and conflict, in: MOSAIC, Fragile states: understanding intersections, exploring transformations in Myanmar and Cambodia, May 2015, available in: http://www.iss.nl/mosaic
FRIIS, C., REENBERG, A. 2010. Land Grab in Africa. Emerging land system drivers in a teleconnected world, for the Global Land Project. available at http://www.igbp.net/publications/publishedarticlesandbooks/synthesisandoverviewpapers/synthandoverviewpapers/landgrabinafricaemerginglandsystemsdriversinateleconnectedworld.5.19895cff13e9f675e25fbb.html
GHOSE A. K. 1983. Agrarian reform in contemporary developing countries, London: Palgrave MacMillan.
GRAIN, 2016. Against the grain land, The global farmland grab in 2016: how big, how bad?, in grain.org, available in https://www.grain.org/article/entries/5492-the-global-farmland-grab-in-2016-how-big-how-bad
GRAIN, 2008. The 2008 land grab for food and financial security, GRAIN Briefing, October 2008.
HUNSBERGER, C., FRADEJAS A. A. 2016. The Discursive Flexibility of ‘Flex Crops’: Comparing Oil Palm and Jatropha. In: The Journal of Peasant Studies, 43 (1): 225–250.
HUNSBERGER, C., CORBERA, E., BORRAS, S., WOODS, K., SPOOR M. 2017. Climate change mitigation, land grabbing and conflict: towards a landscape-based and collaborative action research agenda, in Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue canadienne d'études du développement, 38:3, 305-324. DOI: 10.1080/02255189.2016.1250617
LA VIA CAMPESINA, 2008. Small farmers feed the world Industrial agrofuels fuel hunger and poverty, A Media release, 24 June 2008, Jakarta.
LA VIA CAMPESINA, 2016. System Change Grounded in Food Sovereignty at the 2015 Climate Talks in Paris, January 27, 2016, available in: http://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/actions-and-eventsmainmenu-26/-climate-change-and-agrofuels-mainmenu-75/1958-system-change-groundedin-food-sovereignty-at-the-2015-climate-talks-in-paris.
LANG, C. 2015. COP21 Paris: REDD and carbon markets, 15 December 2015, available in http://www.redd-monitor.org/2015/12/15/cop21-paris-redd-and-carbon-markets/
LOHMANN, L. 2008. Carbon Trading, Climate Justice and the Production of Ignorance: Ten examples, in: Development 51:359–365.
MCMICHAEL, P. 2010. Agrofuels in the food regime, in: Journal of Peasant Studies 37 (March 2015):609-629.
MELILLO, J., REILLY, J., KICKLIGHTER, D., GURGEL, A. 2009. Indirect Emissions from Biofuels: How Important?, in: Science, 326(5958): 1397-1399.
MENDONÇA, M. L. 2011.Monocropping for agrofuels: The case of Brazil, in: Development 54(1):98-103.
MILMAN, O., HANSEN, J., 2015. Father of climate change awareness, calls Paris talks 'a fraud', in: The Guardian, 12 of December 2015, available in: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/12/james-hansen-climate-change-paris-talks-fraud
MONBIOT, G. 2015. Grand promises of Paris climate deal undermined by squalid retrenchments, 12 of December 2015, available in: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/georgemonbiot/2015/dec/12/paris-climate-deal-governments-fossil-fuels
MUSTALAHTI, I., RAKOTONARIVO, S. 2014. REDD+ and Empowered Deliberative Democracy: Learning from Tanzania, in: World Development 59: 199–211.
OXFAM, 2008. Another inconvenient Truth: how Biofuel Policies are deepening Poverty and accelerating climate change, Oxford.
OXFAM, 2011. Land and power, Oxford.
PARKER, C., MITCHELL, A., TRIVEDI M., MARDAS N., ANDSOSIS K. 2009. The Little REDD+ Book, Global Canopy Programme, Oxford.
PESKETT, L., HUBERMAN, D., BOWEN-JONES, E., EDWARDS, G., BROWN, J., 2008. Making REDD work for the poor. A Poverty Environment Partnership (PEP) Report, for the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London, UK.
POUDYAL, M., RAMAMONJISOA, B. S, HOCKLEY, N., RAKOTONARIVO S., GIBBONS, J., M, MANDIMBINIAINA, R., RASOAMANANA, A., PG JONES, J. 2016. Can REDD+ Social Safeguards Reach the ‘Right’ People? Lessons from Madagascar, in: Global Environmental Change 37: 31–42.
RAMANKUTTY, N., FOLEY, J. A. OLEJNICZAK.,N. J. 2002. People on the land: Changes in global population and croplands during the 20th century, in: A Journal of the Human Environment 2002; 31(3): 251-257.
SEO, K., RODRIGUEZ, N. 2012. Land Grab, Food Security and Climate Change: A Vicious Circle in the Global South, in: CHHETRI N., Human and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. (InTech, 2012).
SUGARCANE, 2011. Carbon Credits from Bioelectricity, in: sugarcane.org, available in: http://sugarcane.org/sugarcanebenefits/greenhouse-gas-reductions/carbon-credits-from-bioelectricity. The Rush for Land and Its Potential Environmental Consequence.
VIOLI, F. 2015. The Practice of Land Grabbing and Its Compatibility with the Exercise of Territorial Sovereignty, in ROMANIN JACUR A., BONFANTI, F., SEATZU, F., Natural Resources Grabbing: An International Law Prospective. Brill: Leiden. p.19
WHITE, B., BORRAS, S., SCOONES, I., WOLFORD, B. 2012. The new enclosures: critical perspectives on corporate land deals, in: The Journal of Peasant Studies, Volume 39, Issue 3-4.
WITTMAN, H., POWELL, L. Jo., CORBERA, E. 2015. Financing the Agrarian Transition? The Clean Development Mechanism and Agricultural Change in Latin America, in: Environment and Planning A 47 (10): 2031–2046.
WORK, C., WOODS, K. 2015. Intersections of Land Grabbing and Climate Change Mitigation Strategies: Land and Resource Conflicts, In: Land grabbing, conflict and agrarian?environmental transformations: perspectives from East and Southeast Asia, In the international academic conference, Chiang Mai University Conference Paper No. 83, June 2015
WORLDWATCH INSTITUTE, (2007). Biofuels for Transport, London: Earthscan.
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2021-01-11
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