Brazilian Transnational Normative Entrepreneurship on RWP and welcoming of Venezuelan Refugees
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4013/rechtd.2023.151.07Resumo
The present study aims to analyze the gap between the position of the International Relations of the Federative Republic of Brazil towards the conceptual enlargement of the institute of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) to Responsibility while Protecting (RwP), practiced while addressing the case of Muammar Gaddafi’s Libya, towards the current situation of Venezuelan refugees on Brazilian borders and the judicial decision on closing borders, appreciated at appeal level by the regional section of Federal Justice in Brazil. Brazilian Foreign Relations, in an exercise of normative entrepreneurship, presented Responsibility while Protecting as an alternative to R2P, in the sense that, as humanitarian intervention shall be taken as ultima ratio, measures to reestablish peace and development in affected States must be a priority of action on an international level, deviating from the use of force. However, in a moment when a neighboring country goes through a political crisis that attracts the attention of great powers to the possibility of intervening, Brazil fluctuates between positioning itself favorably to the welcoming of refugees and, at the same time, judicially closing borders. Thus, it might be that RwP can be considered as a mere exercise of political theory an international level. The position the Brazilian State adopts when the responsibility while protecting – an institute of Brazilian initiative – crosses our borders is somewhat different from its discourse towards it.
Referências
ACNUR. Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas para Refugiados. 2020. Resposta humanitária no Brasil se intensifica diante a crescente chegada de venezuelanos, 2018, available at: http://www.acnur.org/portugues/2018/04/06/resposta-humanitaria-no-brasil-se-intensifica-diante-a-crescente-chegada-de-venezuelanos.
ANNAN, K. 1999. Two Concepts of Sovereignty. Sept 16th. The Economist. Available at: https://www.economist.com/international/1999/09/16/two-concepts-of-sovereignty.
BENNER, T. 2013. Brazil as a norm entrepreneur: the ‘Responsibility While Protecting’ initiative. Global Public Policy Institute Working Paper, pp. 4-11.
BOURDIEU, P. 1989. O poder simbólico. Rio de Janeiro, Bertrand Brasil.
BRASIL. Lei n. 9.474, de 22 de julho de 1997, Define mecanismos para a implementação do Estatuto dos Refugiados de 1951, e determina outras providências, available at: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/L9474.htm.
CARNEVALI, A. T. 2015. Has Brazil’s Responsibility while Protecting changed Venezuela’s skepticism about the Responsibility to Protect? Pensamiento Proprio, 41(20):213-224.
FRANCK, T. M. 2010. Humanitarian Intervention. In: Besson, Samantha & Tasioulas, John (ed.): The Philosophy of International Law. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 531-548.
ICC. International Criminal Court. 1998. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/nr/rdonlyres/ea9aeff7-5752-4f84-be94-0a655eb30e16/0/rome_statute_english.pdf.
ISU. Iowa State University. Dilma Rousseff’s Speech at the 66th UN General Assembly - Sept. 21, 2011. Archives of Women’s Political Communication. available at: https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/09/speech-at-the-66th-un-general-assembly-sept-21-2011/.
KISSINGER, H. Diplomacy. New York, Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1994. p.810.
KOSKENNIEMI, M. 2002. The Lady Doth Protest Too Much’Kosovo, and the Turn to Ethics in International Law. The Modern Law Review, 65(2):159-175.
LUBAN, D. 2002. Intervention and Civilization: Some Unhappy Lessons of the Kosovo War. In: DeGrieff, P.; Cronin, C. (eds.), Global Justice and Transnational Politics: Essays on the Moral and Political Challenges of Globalization. Cambridge, MIT Press, p. 79–80.
MARCH, J. G.; OLSEN, J. P. 2008. Neo-institucionalismo: fatores organizacionais na vida política. Revista de Sociologia e Política, 16(31):121-142.
MRE. Ministério Das Relações Exteriores, Pronunciamento do Ministro das Relações Exteriores, Antonio de Aguiar Patriota, em debate sobre Responsabilidade ao Proteger na ONU – Nova York, 21 de fevereiro de 2012, available at: http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/pt-BR/notas-a-imprensa/8653-pronunciamento-do-ministro-das-relacoes-exteriores-antonio-de-aguiar-patriota-em-debate-sobre-responsabilidade-ao-proteger-na-onu-nova-york-21-de-fevereiro-de-2012.
MINISTERIO DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES DE COLOMBIA, Migración Colombia entrega ultimo balance de Venezolanos en Colombia, 2017, available at: http://www.migracioncolombia.gov.co/index.php/es/prensa/comunicados/comunicados-2017/octubre-2017/5751-migracion-colombia-entrega-ultimo-balance-de-venezolanos-en-colombia.
O’SHEA, E. 2012. Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in Libya: ghosts of the past haunting the future. International Human Rights Law Review, 1(1):173-190.
ORFORD, A. 2003. Reading Humanitarian Intervention: Human Rights and the Use of Force in International Law. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
OAS. Organization of American States, Report of the General Secretariat of the Organization of American States and the Panel of Independent International Experts on the Possible Comission of Crimes Against Humanity in Venezuela, Washington D.C., May 29, 2018, available at: http://www.oas.org/documents/eng/press/Informe-Panel-Independiente-Venezuela-EN.pdf.
PUC-SP, Discurso da Presidente da República, Dilma Rousseff, na ONU. Nova York, 21/09/2011, available at https://www.pucsp.br/ecopolitica/downloads/seguranca/ONU_Pronunciamento_Dilma_Rousseff_Asembleia_Nacoees_Unidas_set_2011.pdf.
SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT. 2005. Overview of General Assembly, A/60/L.1, 2005, available at: https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/document/SSR%20A%2060%20L%201.php.
STF. 2018. Ação Civil Ordinária 3121/RR, 2018, available at: http://portal.stf.jus.br/processos/detalhe.asp?incidente=5437155.
STF. 2018. ACO: 3121 RR 0069076-95.2018.1.00.0000, Relator: ROSA WEBER, Data de Julgamento: 13/10/2020, Tribunal Pleno, Data de Publicação: 27/10/2020.
TRF-1. 2018. Tribunal Regional Federal da Primeira Região, Suspensão de Liminar, 2018, available at: https://www.conjur.com.br/dl/trf1-suspende-liminar-impedia-entrada.pdf.
UNITED NATIONS. 1945. Carta das Nações, 1945, available at: https://nacoesunidas.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/A-Carta-das-Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es-Unidas.pdf.
UNITED NATIONS. 2018. Brasil recebeu mais de 61 mil pedidos de refúgio de venezuelanos em 2018. Available at: https://nacoesunidas.org/brasil-recebeu-mais-de-61-mil-pedidos-de-refugio-de-venezuelanos-em-2018.
UNGA. United Nations General Assembly. 2009. A/63/PV.99, 24 july 2009, p.4, available at: https://undocs.org/A/63/PV.99.
UNGA. United Nations General Assembly. 2005. A/60/PV.6, 15 september 2005, p.20, available at: http://undocs.org/A/60/PV.6.
UNRIC. United Nations Regional Information Centre. 2005. 60ª Sessão da Assembleia-Geral das Nações Unidas - Documento final da Cimeira Mundial 2005, available at: https://www.unric.org/html/portuguese/summit2005/World%20Summit%20Outcome-ptREV.pdf.
UNSC. United Nations Security Council. 2011. Letter dated 9 November 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Brazil to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, available at: ://www.globalr2p.org/media/files/concept-paper-_rwp.pdf.
WIMMER, A.; SCHILLER, N. G. 2002. Methodological nationalism and beyond: nation–state building, migration and the social sciences. Global networks, 2(4):301-334.
ZOLO, D. 2010. Humanitarian Militarism? In: S. Besson; J. Tasioulas (ed.): The Philosophy of International Law. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 549-565.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Concedo a Revista de Estudos Constitucionais, Hermenêutica e Teoria do Direito (RECHTD) o direito de primeira publicação da versão revisada do meu artigo, licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution (que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista).
Afirmo ainda que meu artigo não está sendo submetido a outra publicação e não foi publicado na íntegra em outro periódico e assumo total responsabilidade por sua originalidade, podendo incidir sobre mim eventuais encargos decorrentes de reivindicação, por parte de terceiros, em relação à autoria do mesmo.
Também aceito submeter o trabalho às normas de publicação da Revista de Estudos Constitucionais, Hermenêutica e Teoria do Direito (RECHTD) acima explicitadas.
