An advanced design approach to support urban transformations through multi-stakeholder collaborations

Urban transformations depend on the uses of the city by old and new citizens and on their relation within spaces and resources, triggering regenerative opportunities, networking and empowerment processes. Considering the city and its heritage as a common good, in which each citizen could access and play for the knowledge, management, conservation and transformation of urban contexts, the contribute illustrates the results of experimental actions in Bologna (IT) finalized to test new stakeholder engagement processes and to develop new tools for participatory practices and new productions for the reactivation of the city. In the last years Bologna represents a field of experimentation for different forms of collaborative approaches with the aim to test and innovate tools and policies for the public space. The paper presents the results of projects linked to EU funding schemes (ROCK project) and local multi-stakeholder initiatives (Bologna Design Week) which are part of the research and experimentation carried out by the research unit team. This article illustrates a model to improve the regenerative capacities of the city, recognizing and matching the different roles, influences and knowledge of actors and relevant stakeholders, to strengthen communities’ sense of belonging, cultural and creative power, and improving territorial identity.

resources, triggering regenerative opportunities, networking and empowerment processes (Holston, 1999;Borghi et al., 2018). Considering the city and its heritage as a common good, in which each citizen (recognized and new) could access and play for the knowledge, management, conservation and transformation of urban contexts, this article illustrates the results of experimental actions in Bologna (IT) finalized to test new stakeholder engagement processes and to develop new tools for participatory practices and new productions for the reactivation of the city. One of the most pressing challenge for policy makers is to increase the capacity to define and follow a systemic approach to manage variables and enhance relations (Cooper et al. 1971), able to overpass the silos structure between different sectors, create value, collecting communities' intelligence through collaborative practices and to support the innovation processes in the social, environmental and organizational domains of public realm (Boeri et al., 2019). The involvement of citizens and other stakeholders in the different phases of the policymaking process is witnessed by a multitude of examples across the world (Figuereido et al., 2016), showing the growing commitment of local authorities in engaging with their communities in shaping the future of their cities together (i.e. Decidim Barcelona, Empatia in Milan, Participatory Budget in Puerto Alegre, ChangeMakerSpace in Singapore, etc), based on the belief that open and participatory governance is the key for making cities livelier, more inclusive and sustainable, while boosting urban innovation and competitiveness (Bobbio, 2019;Omar et al., 2018). Citizens, each with their own background, knowledge and expertise, represent a collective intelligence and are those that daily live and experience the city, representing valuable on-the-ground antennas providing both input in terms of evolving needs and unique insights of urban dynamics and trends (Tinati et al., 2014). This article illustrates a model to improve the regenerative capacities of the city, recognizing and matching the different roles, influences and knowledge of local actors and relevant stakeholders, to strengthen communities' sense of belonging, cultural and creative power, and improving territorial identity.

THE INTEGRATED DESIGN APPROACH
The ability to define and follow a systemic approach, able to create value on an urban scale, involves the definition of new and flexible processes, with the aim of integrating the intelligence of communities through collaborative methods. To support innovation paths in the social, environmental and organizational sphere of the public realm, it's crucial to consider different fields that potentially affect every aspect of human life (Bertuglia & Vaio, 2019). Collaborative methods are increasingly adopted, evolving and intensifying over the years the degree of involvement of citizens, as well as the tools put in place to support these processes. In most cases, they consist of a combination of more traditional participatory
These new practices also pose new challenges in terms of skills, methodological approaches and organizational assets needed to manage these processes, which have moved from simple moments of sharing and consultation to the creation of structured paths of co-design and prototyping of services (Tomkova, 2009;Bentivegna, 2002). The Research Unit of the Department of Architecture of the University of Bologna, is developing and testing new design approach to urban transition based on a combination between spatial and collaborative approach, for the definition of a circular urban system concept, in which different elements are interconnected with the aim of comparing the effects of each decision and framing multiple scenarios of regeneration. (Boeri et al., 2019). The transfer of a circular economic model to the urban environment begins by considering the spaces and places of the city as a resource to which the principles of saving and reuse can be applied. The traditional forms of the urban value chains are therefore rethought in order to adapt/create new services and products that can improve the quality of life of citizens. Through the connection of initially separate "systems" and through technical, organizational and institutional solutions and changes (Boeri et al., 2019) ("multiple innovation processes"), new paths are created to rethink the functioning of the city economy, while the built environment is redesigned to increase the usability and sustainability of urban spaces. This focus on cities, as distinct from conventional sustainable urban design and planning which focuses on urban form, urban growth, liveability, walkability, energy reduction and placemaking separately and sustainable architecture which focuses on individual buildings, finds its ground in theoretical framings of cities as complex adaptive systems (Bettencourt, 2010).
Framing cities as complex adaptive systems requires understanding and taking into account the interrelationships between technologies, ecosystems, social and cultural practice and city governance in design decisions (Ceschin, 2016).

BOLOGNA AS A FIELD OF EXPERIMENTATION: THE POTENTIAL OF TEMPORALITY
The speed of environmental, social and economic changes and the increase in factors of unpredictability (linked not only to socio-economic issues but also to climate change), the trend towards interconnection between actors active on the ground tends to characterize the • the mapping and enhancement of the so-called "hidden treasures", forgotten or littleknown places set in the consolidated historical fabric, to be discovered/rediscovered through urban micro-design interventions capable of grasping the still untapped potential (Fig.1);

Fig. 1. ROCK participatory meeting in the Historic University Library in 2018. (Ph. Margherita Caprilli)
• the unconventional use of heritage to be encouraged through the identification of alternative solutions for access, use and fruition of historical urban spaces inside and outside, private and public. Such operations help to promote the diffusion of knowledge, strengthen local identity and encourage forms of inclusiveness and sociality whose success is largely due to the proactive involvement of the community in co-designed and co-built initiatives that greatly broaden the basis of participation in urban dynamics (U-Area for All, Portici Aperti); • the temporary transformation of urban spaces, adopting a research action approach, to test, experiment, assess and validate/adjust new functions, aesthetics, elements in the historic city, more adherent to city users needs and expectations (Malerbe  The guiding thread joining the various players behind the project is the city as a theatre of meetings, the city that comes into the theatre: a poetical re-interpretation of the public space

MULTI STAKEHOLDER COLLABORATIONS: ROLES, SPACES OF DIALOGUE, MELTING KNOWLEDGE
In the newly emerging urban conditions, the demand of citizens to be an active part in the management of the city and its cultural heritage, considered as a common good, is always increasing. In the last decade, the conscious participation of citizens has been manifested above all into temporary practices and themed events with the aim of redesigning small portions of the city's identities, enhancing cultural heritage, local roots and experimenting with new jobs. The two experiences show how a multi-stakeholder collaboration could be a driver to change the use, the perceptions and the access to the city cultural contents among citizens and visitors. From BDW point of view, "designing an event serving city-users is helpful to promote and share design cultures continuously experimenting new models, to seek new forms of communication of the evolving city identity. In the past few editions we have reaped the harvests of our work, seeing the birth of creative realities which came to BDW with a specific project, designed specifically for the design week, without which much of this creativity could not have been expressed and many of these events would not have been put on. To ensure the city-users' involvement, a cross-channel communication strategy -using all supports, from the many active social channels, to the website, and the free apphad guided visitors through a discovery of the fifth edition celebrating Bologna as the city of design and wonder." With the aim, shared by all BDW collaborators, of continuing to support the role of advanced design as an instrument and strategy for innovation in the participatory, sustainable cultural transformation of the city, in which creativity, experimentation, training, hospitality and the production world come together once more in a week full with unique and multi-stakeholder events (Vai, 2017). Starting from new models of collaboration (Iaione, 2013), the objective is to increase the relationships between the growing flow of city-users, fragmentation between sectors, typical of local governments. In this way it is possible to stimulate the dynamics of exchange between data, people and places: the city of knowledge thus becomes the context for citizens of knowledge (Carrillo, 2005). The intention is therefore "to forge connections between cultural heritage as things and spaces on the one hand, and as ideas and people on the other" as stated in the Creative Heritage's manifesto (Schröder et al., 2018), comparing the hybrid range of practices and process, overall temporary uses and events, set by a wide range of formal and informal actors. These experiments have become prototypes of scalable, sustainable, high-widespread projects and have become the test bench for innovative methodologies and different design-driven processes of rehabilitation of the contemporary city starting from its tangible and intangible heritage. The partnerships between cultural institutions and other sectors (education, training, business, management, research, social sector, etc.) are strategic in terms of "contaminated" knowledge alliances, to understand in which way the cultural domain of innovation could be combined to the technological and social ones, to produce new services and solutions able to face the contemporary societal challenges. These partnerships can help to brigde the funding gap of public entities and provide interesting investment opportunities for the private sector (UNESCO, 2013) bringing economic resources, create job opportunities and display innovative approaches to the development of new cultural and creative